Ecology And Environment Pd Sharma Ebook Extra Quality Free 16

Ecology And Environment Pd Sharma Ebook Free 16

Access the links below to download study materials, including assessment rubrics and a detailed description of the methodology, collecting and analysing the DNA. More information on the equipment and collections materials can be found under the Science Resource Guide.

In the real world, organisms typically use physicochemical characteristics of the environment such as temperature and oxygen concentration to select prey resources. However, if prey are small and mobile, they may not be instantaneously detected since there are low opportunities for detection and rapid response. It is likely that prey detect the predator by acoustic cues. Such predation is predicted to have a greater impact on the prey population dynamics than if larger, slower-moving prey are detected by visual and olfactory cues. A predator will be detected at greater distances if it does not produce excessive vibrations. This might be expected to be most obvious for predators such as fish that rely on vision, whereas for medium-sized predators like owls, the use of sound might be expected to be more critical.

However, the prey might also make noise if they have an acoustic defence mechanism. These noise-producing structures might vary depending on the predator species and prey, making the species-specific reactions to predators even more complex. Sound is perceived in water by two different mechanisms: passive and active. Humans perceive water as a fluid with compressible elastic properties (passive perception), so sound in the water is detected by distortion of the static fluid surrounding an object (active perception). Environments close to the surface of the water typically conduct better and propagate sound more efficiently. Animals can also perceive the difference of speed (at a frequency of 16 Hz, the difference is huge, as the ears are faster than the eye), and the direction of the sound. So to avoid detection, active perception is needed for vision, and passive perception of sound is needed for hearing.

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